The construction industry is estimated to make up US$400 billion in the U.S. economy, employing more than 5.5 million workers [1]. However, inefficiencies persist, with rework due to defects, quality deviations, and errors costing nearly US$75 billion annually [2]. In 2022, construction workers accounted for 30% of all U.S. occupational fatalities [3]. Additionally, the workforce is aging: In 2021, 22.3% of construction workers were over 55 years old, while only 10% were under 25. This aging demographic reflects a diminishing interest among younger generations in entering the field. Clearly, robotics and automation offer a transformative solution, enabling safer, more accurate, and more efficient construction compared to conventional labor-intensive methods.
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